The Settlement Movement

The Settlement Movement created its own distinct branch of sociology called Settlement Sociology, which was deliberately activist and community-based, but was later erased from mainstream academic history in favor of university-based theoretical sociology. The movement began in the 1880s in the United Kingdom as a reformist push to establish settlement houses in poor urban areas. Middle-class volunteers moved directly into impoverished neighborhoods, sharing knowledge, culture, and practical services with their low-income neighbors rather than commuting in from comfortable districts.

In 1884, Canon Samuel Augustus Barnett and his wife Henrietta Barnett established Toynbee Hall in London's East End, creating the first settlement house and a working model for the movement. Workers resided on site, providing daycare, English classes, and healthcare directly to the surrounding community. Jane Addams brought the concept to the United States in 1889 when she co-founded Hull House in Chicago. The movement reached its peak in the 1920s across both nations, operating hundreds of settlement houses staffed by volunteers who lived among the people they served. This physical proximity produced a unique, practice-based social science in both the UK and US. The workers' underlying ethic paralleled biblical commands to love one's neighbor through visible good works, drawing directly from passages such as Matthew 22:39, John 13:34-35, and Matthew 5:16.

By the mid-20th century, standard academic histories of sociology had marginalized Settlement Sociology entirely. Universities favored theoretical, campus-based teaching and research models over the embedded, community-driven fieldwork practiced by settlement workers. Today, the movement's specific sociological contributions remain largely absent from mainstream academic curricula, even though many settlement houses themselves continue to operate as active community centers.